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There exists an extensive literature on turbulent boundary layers developing over rough surfaces, dating back almost 90 years to the seminal work of Nikuradse (1933}. This problem is pertinent to ship operations where fouling on the hull can lead to very large increases in the skin friction drag coefficient (>80%, see Schultz et al. 2011). However, current engineering approaches to estimate this drag penalty face numerous challenges / roadblocks which influence the efficacy of these methods. Part I of this talk will discuss these challenges and introduce a campaign of field and laboratory measurements that can redress these issues. Part II will present preliminary results.